10:18
Jesus responds, as usual, with His own question, “Why do you call me good?”. “No one is good - except God alone”. A vital purpose of the Law was to demonstrate that no one can meet all of God’s requirements. Sacrifices for guilt were a key element of the Law. If someone could fully obey the Law then there would have been no need for sacrifices. The history of Israel clearly demonstrated their inability to obey the Law fully. This also implies that Jesus is God, for in order to be a suitable sacrifice He had to be fully good.
10:19
Jesus then lists the second part of the Ten Commandments. These were the “outward” commandments, rather than the God focused commandments (e.g having no other gods etc). They were also the ones that a person could claim to have obeyed outwardly, though Jesus teaching in the Sermon on the Mount shows that inward obedience is also important (Matt 5:21-30).
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