8:10
The problem with the old covenant was the sinfulness of men’s hearts. The new covenant would be different. The Law worked like this: here are the commands and decrees, keep these all all will be well. The Law did nothing to change the hearts of men, the hearts of men (and women) was where the root of the problem lay. The new covenant would involve a change of heart, God would write the laws into their hearts and minds. “I will be their God and they shall be their people”. This phrase is repeated several times throughout the Old Testament and expresses the goal that God has for His people. It would be fulfilled under the new covenant.
8:11
The covenant would be universal, covering both great and small in equal measure. All would know God, it would not require a priest or learned man to teach them. Under the Law when they came out of Egypt Moses was the only one who met personally with God, then he passed on God’s words to the people. We still have teachers, and need them, but all of us can meet personally with God.
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