4:6
Paul has been using Apollos and himself as an example to illustrate how they should regard preachers. There are lesson too that preachers themselves can learn, but the primary target is “ordinary” members of the church. “Do not go beyond what is written”. There is no specific scripture reference in view here. Perhaps what Paul is meaning is that their whole focus should be on the Bible, instead of seeking to interpret things in human terms. For if we put the focus on a particular man or woman, we also puff ourselves up, taking a pride in our following the “right preacher”. It is all about God, not about man!
4:7
This verse addresses the root of pride. When we become proud we are tacitly assuming that we have made some contribution to our salvation or goodness. But all that we have, we have only because God has given it to us. This applies to our salvation and any gifts or ministries that we might have. We are utterly and completely dependent upon God for everything. Now this most definitely does not mean that we do not have responsibilities. We do, but must not have pride.
4:8
Paul is being somewhat sarcastic here. The Corinthians thought they had achieved so much. Worse, they had become self-satisfied, they were no longer hungry. So why were they mistaken? They were mistaken because for a whole variety of reasons. They were still looking to worldly wisdom as their yardstick, they were still full of worldly attitudes, as demonstrated in their idolising of particular leaders or apostles, and in even worse ways, as will become evident later in the letter.
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